The promise of self-checkout was alluring: Customers could avoid long lines by scanning and bagging their own items, workers could be freed of doing those monotonous tasks themselves and retailers could save on labor costs.

All that has happened since the rollout of self-checkout but so has this: Customers griping about clunky technology that spits out mysterious error codes, workers having to stand around and monitor both humans and machines, and retailers contending with theft.

含羞草研究社淕oing to the grocery store used to be simple, and now it含羞草研究社檚 frustrating,含羞草研究社� said Cindy Whittington, 66, of Fairfax, Virginia. 含羞草研究社淵ou含羞草研究社檙e paying more. You含羞草研究社檙e working harder to pay for merchandise at their store. And it含羞草研究社檚 become an ordeal to check out. I should get a 5% discount.含羞草研究社�

In 2021, self-checkout usage represented 30% of transactions, almost double from 2018, according to a survey of retailers by FMI, an industry group. And 96% of retailers surveyed offer self-checkout.

But the technology is also facing a reckoning amid the critical holiday shopping season. Some retailers are adding restrictions, while others are pulling out completely.

This past fall, Walmart removed self-checkout kiosks in three stores in Albuquerque, New Mexico as part of a location by location approach, but on the whole it is adding more than it is taking away. To reduce wait times, Target is now limiting the number of items to 10 that shoppers can scan in a handful of stores nationwide.

British supermarket chain Booths has been getting rid of its self-checkout at the majority of its stores for the past 18 months in reaction to customer backlash. A year ago, grocery chain Wegmans, citing 含羞草研究社渓osses,含羞草研究社� discontinued its self-checkout app that lets shoppers scan and bag items while they shop. However, it continues to offer self-checkout registers at its stores.

Self-checkout, first tested in supermarkets in the late 1980s, gained momentum 20 years ago. But grocers ramped it up even more three years ago to address the pandemic-induced severe labor shortages.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics says technological advances such as self-checkout and online sales have been the main driver in the declining number of cashier jobs, although there are no precise estimates on how many cashiers have been replaced by self-checkout. According to Labor Department data, there are about 1.2 million people currently working as cashiers, compared to 1.4 million in 2019 and the BLS expects the number to fall by another over the next decade.

含羞草研究社淲e are at an inflection point where if Americans are willing to do this and show an interest, then stores will probably expand it because they want to slash that labor cost,含羞草研究社� said Christopher Andrews, associate professor and chair of sociology at Drew University and author of 含羞草研究社淭he Overworked Consumer: Self-Checkouts, Supermarkets and the Do-It-Yourself Economy.含羞草研究社� 含羞草研究社淏ut right now they含羞草研究社檙e just seeing downside. They含羞草研究社檙e seeing frustrated customers. They含羞草研究社檙e seeing increased costs and shoplifting.含羞草研究社�

Theft is indeed an issue. Andrews said a technology that relies on shoppers to do their own scanning and punch in product quantities tempts even law abiding citizens to be dishonest. It含羞草研究社檚 easy to just scan every other item or punch in codes for a cheaper item. Shoppers could also make honest mistakes, leading to losses for stores.

John Catsimatidis, chairman and CEO of Red Apple Group, owner of Gristedes and D含羞草研究社橝gostino含羞草研究社檚 food stores in New York City, said he has no interest in self-checkout because of theft.

含羞草研究社淎nybody who does it might as well hit your head over with a pipe,含羞草研究社� he said.

Still, self-checkout isn含羞草研究社檛 going away, especially with still stubborn labor shortages. And plenty of people love it.

Ellen Wulfhorst, 65, said using self-checkout brings back her childhood when she played with a toy register.

含羞草研究社淭here含羞草研究社檚 something childish and fun about it,含羞草研究社� Wulfhorst said. 含羞草研究社淚 get a big kick out of sliding the product across the reader, and it goes beep. There含羞草研究社檚 a certain satisfaction to it.含羞草研究社�

For Robin Wissmann Doherty of South Salem, New York, who has a progressive neurodegenerative disease and uses a walker, self-checkout makes her shopping experience easier.

The 67-year-old said she likes to shop at Stop & Shop because it has a 含羞草研究社渟can and go含羞草研究社� technology that allows her to scan her items with a device as she shops and then tallies up her bill. She can either pay at a kiosk or at a manned register.

含羞草研究社淭he laser gun works for disabled people,含羞草研究社� she said.

Stew Leonard Jr., president and CEO of Stew Leonard含羞草研究社檚, a supermarket chain that operates stores in Connecticut, New York and New Jersey, said 25% of its customers use self-service. That number could be up to 50% in the next few years. He noted one-third of its registers are unmanned, but he含羞草研究社檚 in a 含羞草研究社渉olding pattern含羞草研究社� and is thinking of limiting the number of items to be scanned.

Retailers have been adding cameras or sensors at kiosks to monitor shoppers.

Kroger, for example, has deployed artificial intelligence technology at a majority of stores that triggers alerts when something is amiss. For example, if a shopper fails to scan a particular item successfully, the system flags the error on the screen and prompts the customer to self-correct. If customers are unable to resolve the issue themselves, a light above the self-checkout blinks to attract workers含羞草研究社� attention.

There have been inroads for more advanced technology.

Amazon含羞草研究社檚 含羞草研究社渏ust walkout technology含羞草研究社� is in more than 70 Amazon-owned stores and more than 100 third-party retailers across the U.S., including airports. It uses sophisticated cameras and allows shoppers to enter the store with a credit or debit card or by simply hovering their palm over an Amazon One palm payment device, and then walk out without having to stand in line to check out. Japanese fashion retailer Uniqlo has RFID chips embedded in price tags to power a self-checkout system at its Fifth Avenue store in Manhattan, as part of a widescale rollout at its stores. Customers place their items in bins at self-service stations and pay 含羞草研究社� without having to scan items.

Still, for some workers who were supposed to be liberated from the monotonous task of ringing up customers, the tedium just comes in a different form.

Bernadette Christian, 59, a worker at Giant Food in Clinton, Maryland, mans six self-service stations at once, and she含羞草研究社檚 afraid to help or confront shoppers who she said have become angrier since the pandemic.

含羞草研究社淚t would be easy for us to be cashiers, and it would be a lot more safer in today含羞草研究社檚 world,含羞草研究社� she said.

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